Long-term post-pyrogenic dynamics of northern taiga scots pine forests under conditions of various intensity of aerotechnogenic load (Kola Peninsula)

I. V. Lyanguzova, V. V. Gorshkov, V. T. Yarmishko, N. I. Stavrova, I. Yu. Bakkal, P. N. Katyutin

DOI: https://doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2025.52.72

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Long-term (40 years) monitoring allowed to identify the main dynamic trends in the state of northern taiga pine forests in the background areas of the Kola Peninsula and in the zone of industrial pollution against the backdrop of sharp reduction in the volume of toxic emissions into atmosphere and to identify the features of the reaction of various ecosystem components to changes in the intensity of aerotechnogenic load.

Over the observation period (1980–2024), the volumes of atmospheric emissions of sulfur dioxide and polymetallic dust by the “Severonikel” mining plant (Murmansk Region) decreased by 5–9 times (Fig. 1). In response to sharp decrease in aerotechnogenic load, the parameters of individual components of forest ecosystems are improved (Yarmishko, Ignatieva, 2019, 2021; Yarmishko et al., 2017; Lyanguzova, Katyutin, 2024), some components either did not change their state or there was a further deterioration. Positive changes in the condition of the tree layer of pine forests were recorded, which were most clearly manifested in the impact zone: 1) during the studied period, the lifespan of Pinus sylvestris needles increased from 2 to 5 years in the impact zone, and from 4 to 6 years in the buffer zone (Fig. 10); 2) the degree of damage to the assimilation organs of pine by chlorosis and necrosis decreased; in the impact and buffer zones, the content of Ni and Cu in needles decreased by 4–5 and 3–4 times, respectively (Fig. 18; Lyanguzova, 2017); 3) in the impact zone, the growth rate of pine trees increased, both in height and in diameter, and in the buffer zone - in height (Fig. 5, 6) the radial increment of pine trees in the impact zone has increased in the recent period by almost 3 times compare to the period 1980–1999 and exceeds the background values; in the buffer zone has not changed, but is currently at the level of background values (Fig. 9); 5) in the impact zone, the process of restoring the natural ratio of trees and large undergrowth has begun: a 3-fold numerical predominance of large undergrowth has been replaced by a 2-fold predominance
of trees (Fig. 12).

In response to the reduction in the sulfur dioxide volume and heavy metal dust emissions, positive changes in the total projective cover of the green moss-lichen layer (up to ~90% of background values) and its species structure have occurred in the buffer zone (Table 4; Fig. 15). An increase in the cover of late- and mid-successional lichen species indicates the presence of recovery processes, but with a significant delay (by ~60 years) compare to the natural post-fire dynamics in the background. In the impact zone, the green moss-lichen layer throughout the entire study period was formed only by early successional lichen species, the projective cover of which currently does not differ from the cover in the early 1980s. The absence of Pleurozium schreberi — the dominant species of moss cover in the middle and late stages of succession — makes it impossible for the full functioning of the moss-lichen layer in the buffer and impact zones.

The state of the dwarf shrub–herb layer of pine forests in the buffer zone remains the same as at the beginning of the study period (Gorshkov, Bakkal, 2009), i. e. there is no natural recovery dynamics of the layer, the total projective cover is 25% lower than in background (Table 4; Fig. 14). In the impact zone, the current state of the layer is significantly worse than at the beginning of the study period: the total projective cover has decreased by 4 times and is ~20% of the background values. The cause of these phenomena, both in the buffer and in the impact zone, is the disruption of recovery dynamics of the green moss-lichen layer and forest litter, associated with the persistent high level of pollution of the upper soil horizons with heavy metals.

The level of pollution of the upper (organogenic) horizon of Al-Fe-humus podzols with heavy metals (Ni and Cu) continues to increase. During the period of high atmospheric emissions (1981–1997), the average values of the technogenic load index within the buffer and impact zones were 5.7 and 64 relative units, respectively, and during the period of sharply reduced levels of aerial pollutant emissions (2002–2022) — 18 and 97 relative units, i.e. increased by 1.5–3 times (Fig. 16). This indicates a high (buffer zone) and very high (impact zone) level of phytotoxicity of the forest litter and confirms the high inertia of soils contaminated with heavy metals, which is manifested in their low self-purification capacity (Lyanguzova et al., 2016; Lyanguzova, 2017; Kashulina, 2017; 2018; 2022). In the mineral podzol horizons, the content of heavy metals decreases compared to the upper (organogenic) horizon by 15–90 times and reaches minimum values in the parent rock (3–5 mg/kg) (Fig. 17), i.e. the forest litter functions as a biogeochemical barrier even at very high values of the technogenic load index. The high degree of phytotoxicity of soils due to contamination of the upper podzol horizons with heavy metals does not allow the process of natural restoration of the ground cover to begin in the impact zone and significantly slows down this process in the buffer zone.

Key words: Scots pine forests, aerotechnogenic load, heavy metals, long-term dynamics, northern taiga, Kola Peninsula

Section: Articles

How to cite

Lyanguzova I. V., Gorshkov V. V., Yarmishko V. T., Stavrova N. I., Bakkal I. Yu., Katyutin P. N. 2025. Long-term post-pyrogenic dynamics of northern taiga scots pine forests under conditions of various intensity of aerotechnogenic load (Kola Peninsula) // Vegetation of Russia. 52: 72–99. https://doi.org/10.31111/vegrus/2025.52.72

Received May 16 2025. Signed for printing November 24 2025

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